Leptospirosis (lepto) is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals, and this contagious disease has been garnering attention among pet owners because of its potentially severe implications. To help protect your entire family from leptospirosis, our Omega Veterinary Group team provides a comprehensive disease overview, including information about signs, prevention strategies, and how to keep yourself safe if your pet becomes infected.

What is leptospirosis in pets?

Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira. This bacterium thrives in warm, wet environments and can be found worldwide, particularly in areas with stagnant water. The bacterium is transmitted through infected animals’ urine, which can contaminate water sources, soil, and food. Pets, especially dogs, are at risk when they come into contact with contaminated water or infected wildlife.

Leptospirosis signs in pets

Leptospirosis can cause myriad signs, making the disease challenging to diagnose. In pets, signs may include:

  • Fever
  • Muscle pain and stiffness
  • Vomiting and diarrhea
  • Appetite loss
  • Lethargy
  • Jaundice
  • Abdominal pain
  • Urine output changes

Leptospirosis progression can be rapid. If left untreated, the disease can severely damage the liver and kidneys, leading to a potentially fatal outcome. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for recovery.

Leptospirosis in dogs

Dogs are more susceptible to leptospirosis than cats, likely because of their more adventurous nature, including swimming in ponds, lakes, or other water bodies that may be contaminated. The disease is prevalent in areas with high wildlife populations, such as raccoons, skunks, and rodents, which are common disease carriers. Prevent your dog from contracting lepto by taking these protective measures:

  • Vaccination — One of the most effective ways to protect dogs is through annual vaccination. 
  • Avoid stagnant water — Prevent your dog from drinking from or swimming in potentially contaminated water sources.
  • Rodent control — Reducing rodent populations around your home can decrease the contamination risk.

Leptospirosis in cats

Historically, leptospirosis in cats has been considered rare, and cats were thought to be relatively resistant to the disease. However, recent research indicates that cats might be more susceptible to leptospirosis than previously believed. Cats who live in rural areas and are exposed to wildlife and livestock are at an increased risk, but so are cats who live in urban areas with large rodent populations.

Studies have shown that cats can harbor the bacteria without showing overt signs, meaning they can be asymptomatic carriers, potentially spreading the disease to other pets or people. Cats who do develop obvious illness can exhibit signs similar to those in dogs, such as fever, lethargy, and kidney or liver issues.

Although cats’ leptospirosis risk is lower than that of dogs, the potential for becoming asymptomatic lepto carriers means that cats and their owners have a serious risk for contracting the disease. Help protect your cat and yourself from lepto by:

  • Scheduling veterinary care — Regular veterinary exams can help detect illness or disease signs early.
  • Keeping your cat indoors — Keeping your cat indoors and preventing them from hunting infected rodents can significantly reduce their exposure risk.
  • Controlling rodent populations — Controlling rodent populations in and around your home can help minimize lepto’s threat.

Leptospirosis diagnosis and treatment in pets

Diagnosing leptospirosis involves blood tests and a urinalysis to detect the presence of Leptospira bacteria or antibodies. If leptospirosis is suspected, immediate treatment is essential. Antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, are commonly used to treat the infection. Supportive care, including fluid therapy, may be necessary for severe cases to address dehydration and organ damage.

Health considerations for leptospirosis in pets and people

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. Pet owners should take precautions when handling potentially infected pets or livestock, or cleaning up their urine. Always wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms, such as fever, headache, muscle pain, or jaundice, after exposure to a suspected source.

Leptospirosis is a serious disease that poses a risk to pets and people. While dogs are more commonly affected, recent research highlights the importance of vigilance for cat owners as well. Preventive measures, such as vaccination for dogs, reducing exposure to contaminated water, and controlling rodent populations, are essential to protecting your pet. If your pet is displaying leptospirosis infection signs, contact your primary care veterinarian or call our Omega Veterinary Group team.